Four numbers, answering four different questions. Only one of them tells you how much peptide is in the vial, and it is not the one everybody quotes.
A certificate of analysis, or COA, is the lab report that travels with a batch. It is the main evidence you have about what is in the vial. Most of it is readable once you know one thing. The numbers on it answer four different questions. Only one of them tells you how much peptide you have.
Peptide purity (HPLC). The share of the peptide you wanted, compared with the other UV-absorbing impurities the machine detected. It is a comparison between the things the sensor could see, so it comes with limits of its own. We covered those in what a 99% purity number does not tell you.
Net peptide content. The share of the total powder weight that is the target peptide chain. This is the number that tells you how much peptide is actually in the vial.
Counterion content. The amount of TFA or acetate still bound to the peptide after it was cut from the resin and cleaned up.
Moisture content (Karl Fischer). How much water is left in the powder after freeze-drying.
Notice the difference. The first is a percentage of a signal. The other three are percentages of weight. Everything that goes wrong with a COA starts by mixing up those two kinds of percentage.
Common acceptance ranges, with an example result beside each one:
| Measurement | Target range | Example result |
|---|---|---|
| HPLC purity | Above 95.0% | 98.5% |
| Net peptide content | 70.0% to 85.0% | 78.2% |
| Water content | Below 8.0% | 4.5% |
| TFA content | Below 15.0% | 11.3% |
Those four results describe one batch that passes. Read together, they also account for the weight. About 78% is peptide, 11% counterion, and 5% water. Residual solvents and salts make up the small remainder.
A COA that reports only the first line is not giving you enough to check the other three.
The costly mistake is reading HPLC purity as if it were net peptide content. They are not the same measurement and they are not close.
Take a vial labelled 10 mg, reporting 98% HPLC purity and 75% net peptide content. It holds 7.5 mg of peptide. Multiply the powder weight by the net peptide content. The purity figure does not enter that calculation at all.
Purity tells you how clean the peptide is. Net peptide content tells you how much of it there is. A batch can score 98% on the first and still contain a quarter less peptide than the label weight suggests.
That gap is not a defect. Bound water and counterion are a normal part of a freeze-dried peptide. The error is in the reading, not in the batch.
A supplier who can answer all four is describing a controlled process. One that sends a single percentage is describing a single percentage.
This article explains published research and the rules around it. It carries no dose, no protocol, and no claim that any compound treats, cures or prevents a condition in anyone. Where the evidence is thin we say so. See our editorial standards.
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