Anxiety, focus and mood — where the trial evidence is, and whose trials they are.
An open study found sleep normalised in six of seven patients. The controlled study by the same investigator found weak effects and said so. The difference between them is a placebo arm.
It does not raise dopamine — it magnifies what other things do to it. That one property explains why caffeine feels stronger on it, and why MAO inhibitors are a hard contraindication.
Licensed in Russia since 2009, with human trials matching a benzodiazepine without the sedation. Nearly all of the evidence comes from a single research tradition — and the route you use changes the pharmacology.
